;
;
;Ulitimate Civ II - Civilopedia Descriptions Text File -- Copyright (c) 1997 MicroProse Software, Inc. 
;
;This file contains the descriptions of all the Civilization Advances, City Improvements, Wonders of
;the World, Units, and Game Concepts displayed in the Civilopedia. It is designed to be adaptable to
;conform to customized scenarios by the replacing existing text with scenario-specific text.
;
;PLEASE MAKE A COPY OF THE ORIGINAL TEXT FILE BEFORE YOU MAKE ANY CHANGES!
;
;
;

@ADVANCE_DESCRIPTIONS
;
;Translation Note: This section consists (verbatim) of the following files from the original Civilopedia, ;strung together to make one contiguous section: ADVANC1.PDE, ADVANC2.PDE, ADVANC3.PDE,
;and ADVANC4.PDE. (French and German versions are .PDF and .PDG respectively.)
;
; The index is a mapping to the rules file. The labels to the right are the entries, IN ORDER,
; that are in the rules.txt file. The number to the left is the description below that
; corresponds to the rules entry. For example, Amphibious Warfare will be the 55'th (remember,
; the list is zero based) description below begining with @@.
; Only ONE entry per line, number MUST BE TERMINATED WITH A COMMA.
; The list must terminate with a -2. A -1 indicates no desription, do not list or index.
;
@@ADVANCE_INDEX
0,			; Advanced Flight
1,			; Alphabet
54,			; Amphibious Warfare
2,			; Astronomy
3,			; Atomic Theory
4,			; Automobile
5,			; Banking
6,			; Bridge Building
7,			; Bronze Working
8,			; Ceremonial Burial
9,			; Chemistry
10,			; Chivalry
11,			; Code of Laws
55,			; Combined Arms
12,			; Combustion
13,			; Communism
14,			; Computers
15,			; Conscription
16,			; Construction
17,			; The Corporation
18,			; Currency
19,			; Democracy
56,			; Economics
20,			; Electricity
21,			; Electronics
22,			; Engineering
57,			; Environmentalism
58,			; Espionage
23,			; Explosives
24,			; Feudalism
25,			; Flight
59,			; Fundamentalism
26,			; Fusion Power
27,			; Genetic Engineering
60,			; Guerrilla Warfare
79,			; Gunpowder
80,			; Horseback Riding
81,			; Industrialization
82,			; Invention
83,			; Iron Working
28,			; Labor Union
61,			; The Laser
62,			; Leadership
29,			; Literacy
63,			; Machine Tools
30,			; Magnetism
31,			; Map Making
32,			; Masonry
33,			; Mass Production
34,			; Mathematics
35,			; Medicine
36,			; Metallurgy
64,			; Miniaturization
65,			; Mobile Warfare
37,			; Monarchy
66,			; Monotheism
38,			; Mysticism
39,			; Navigation
40,			; Nuclear Fission
41,			; Nuclear Power
42,			; Philosophy
43,			; Physics
44,			; Plastics
-1,			; Plumbing
68,			; Polytheism
45,			; Pottery
69,			; Radio
46,			; Railroad
47,			; Recycling
48,			; Refining
70,			; Refrigeration
49,			; The Republic
50,			; Robotics
51,			; Rocketry
71,			; Sanitation
72,			; Seafaring
52,			; Space Flight
73,			; Stealth
53,			; Steam Engine
84,			; Steel
85,			; Superconductor
74,			; Tactics
75,			; Theology
86,			; Theory of Gravity
87,			; Trade
88,			; University
76,			; Warrior Code
77,			; The Wheel
78,			; Writing
67,			; Future Technology
-1,			; User Def Tech A
-1,			; User Def Tech B
-1,			; User Def Tech C
-1,			; Extra Advance 1
-1,			; Extra Advance 2
-1,			; Extra Advance 3
-1,			; Extra Advance 4
-1,			; Extra Advance 5
-1,			; Extra Advance 6
-1,			; Extra Advance 7
-2,			; MUST BE HERE! TERMINATOR!

@@Advanced Flight
The Angles were a Germanic tribe that occupied the region still called Angeln in what is now the state of Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. Together with the Saxons and Jutes, they invaded Britain during the 5th century AD. With their kindred ethnic groups, they formed the people who came to be known as the English. The name England is derived from them. In the 825 A.D. the title of Bretwalda, or Ruler of Britain fell to Egbert of Wessex after he defeated the Mercians at Ellendun. In the next century his heirs came to rule all England and this could be considered the beginning of England.

@@Alphabet
In 1566 protestant riots spread across the low countries and in response, a wrathful Spain sent to the Netherlands the inquisition as well as troops who introduced excessively harsh policies resulting in open revolt in the Low Countries. William I, the Silent, prince of Orange, who was one of the principal noblemen of the region, led the revolt. Eventually in 1579 the Union of Utrecht, an anti-Spanish alliance of all northern and some southern territories, was formed. The union signified independence from Spain and the divergence of the Netherlands from what is Belgium and Luxemburg today. For the sake of balancing the tribes, the revolt takes before the scenario starts and Benelux (which did become part of the Netherlands prior to WW one) is not retained by the Spanish.

@@Astronomy
In 1093 Henry of Bourgogne came to the assistance of Castile when it was invaded by the Moors. In gratitude Alfonso I of Castile made Henry count of Portugal. On the death of Alfonso in 1109, Count Henry refused to continue feudal allegiance to Castile and by 1139 his son, Afonso Henriques, rebelled and declared Portugal independent from the Spanish kingdom of Castile and Len, and took the title Afonso I. Four years later, through the Treaty of Zamora, King Alfonso VII of Len accepted Portugal's sovereignty and Afonso's position as king. Portugal was recognized as independent by the pope in 1179. King Afonso III, who reigned from 1248 to 1279, completed the expulsion of the Moors and moved the capital of Portugal from Coimbra to Lisbon.

@@Atomic Theory
In the last quarter of the 5th century, as Roman imperial authority collapsed in the West, Gaul was conquered by a Germanic tribe, the Salian Franks. Their leader Clovis was a tough warrior, married to a Christian Bourguignon princess, he became a Christian himself in 496. Clovis's dynasty, the Merovingian, ruled until 751 when Pepin the Short, deposed the last Merovingian ruler and had himself crowned king of the Franks. His son Charlemagne was a great conqueror and established the modern borders of France today under the Carolingian dynasty. He was crowned in Rome by Pope Leo III in the year 800 and received the title emperor of the Romans for his achievements. There were sucessive dynasties, the Capetians, Valois and Bourbons which continued to rule until 1789 when the French Revolution took place.

@@Automobile
Not Used.

@@Banking
The fundamental concept of calculus, which distinguishes it from other branches of mathematics and is the source from which all its theory and applications are developed, is the theory of limits of functions of variables. The discovery of calculus was important to scientific development as many general principles governing the behavior of physical processes are formulated almost invariably in terms of rates of change. Although many other mathematicians of the time came close to discovering calculus, the real founders were Newton and Leibniz. Newton's discovery (1665-66) combined infinite sums, the binomial theorem for fractional exponents, and the algebraic expression of the inverse relation between tangents and areas into methods we know today as calculus. Newton, however, was reluctant to publish, so Leibniz became recognized as a codiscoverer because he published his discovery of differential calculus in 1684 and of integral calculus in 1686.

@@Bridge Building
Even after cannons were used on land, for the longest time, the task of a ship at war was merely to carry fighting men into battle, and a sea fight was really no more than a land battle fought on water. Gradually by the sixteenth century, the gun began to establish itself as a real naval weapon and gave a new meaning to the term warship. The advent of the gun and its growth in size from small anti-personnel weapons to the first ship's cannons (which weighed two tons), dictated a quantum growth in the size of naval vessels. Indirectly, this led new techniques to manage and sail larger vessels and ultimately the Age of Sail.

@@Bronze Working
Roman Catholic Church, the largest single Christian body, composed of those Christians who acknowledge the supreme authority of the bishop of Rome, the pope, in matters of faith. The word catholic means "universal" and has been used to designate the church since its earliest period, when it was the only Christian church. The Roman Catholic church regards itself as the only legitimate inheritor, by an unbroken episcopal succession descending from St. Peter to the present time, of the commission and powers conferred by Jesus Christ on the 12 apostles.

@@Ceremonial Burial
Europe, conventionally one of the seven continents of the world. Although referred to as a continent, Europe is actually just the western fifth of the Eurasian landmass, which is made up primarily of Asia. Modern geographers generally describe the Ural Mountains, the Ural River, part of the Caspian Sea, and the Caucasus Mountains as forming the main boundary between Europe and Asia. The name Europe is perhaps derived from that of Europa, the daughter of Phoenix in Greek mythology. After emerging from the Middle Ages, it soon became by far the primary area where scientific and military advances took place. European power reached its peak at the end of the 19th century when Europeans (and Americans) controlled the entire world with a few exceptions like China and Thailand.

@@Chemistry
The four main Protestant denominations that emerged from the Reformation were Lutheran (The Protestant revolution was initiated by Luther in 1517), Calvinist, Anabaptist, and Anglican. Despite the considerable differences among them in doctrine and practice, they agreed in rejecting the authority of the pope and in emphasizing instead the authority of the Bible and the importance of individual faith. The declared aim of the original reformers was to restore the Christian faith as it had been at its beginning, while keeping what they thought valuable from the Roman Catholic tradition that had developed during the intervening centuries.

@@Chivalry
The Lateen Sail is was developed by the Arabs in response to the conditions of the Mediterranean. The normal light and steady winds of the area together with tropical heat in which rowers quickly became too exhausted to be a reliable source of motive power led to the evolution of this simple sail plan which was flexible enough to provide forward motion even when winds were blowing in the wrong direction. Eventually most European ships adopted a similar sail plan which had the unfortunate consequence that their ships could not venture further out into the Atlantic where seas were too rough for the Lateen rig.

@@Code of Laws
Afonso de Albuquerque was a Portuguese navigator, statesman, and founder of the Portuguese Empire in the Orient. In 1503 he made his first trip to the East, traveling with a Portuguese fleet around the Cape of Good Hope to India. Three years later King Manuel of Portugal appointed him viceroy of all Portuguese possessions in Asia. Portuguese power in the East reached its zenith under Albuquerque. He captured the Indian district of Goa in 1510 and went on to complete the conquests of Malabar, Sri Lanka, the Sunda Islands, Malacca in Peninsula Malaysia, and the island of Hormuz at the entrance to the Persian Gulf. 

@@Combustion
A printing press is the machine used to transmit the ink from a printing plate to the printed page. Johannes Gutenberg, a German printer and pioneer in the use of movable type, is sometimes identified as the first European to use such device and he is associated with the first printed versions of the Bible. The Chinese had invented paper and printing in at about 100 A.D. but as the Chinese language was not based on alphabets, they could not use movable type and achieve commercial printing which is one of the reasons why the Europeans managed to 'leap ahead' during the Renaissance. 

@@Communism
For the purposes of this scenario, non-europeans refer to the major empires of the 16th century before the great European expansion. In Central America there were the Aztec and Maya empires while in South America the Inca empire ruled. Within Asia there were three main powers, the Safavid Persians in the West, the Mughals in the sub-continent and the Ming China in the East. By 1800, none of these would exist (technically the Ming were disposed by Manchu invaders and not Europeans so it could be said the Chinese alone managed to withstand the European onslaught).

@@Computers
The concept of world travel not only had an effect on the design and construction of a ship's hull, it also had a pronounced effect on sails used. The lateen rig was unfriendly in the rough weather of the Atlantic and the Cape of Africa. It required that you dip the yard round the mast everytime you changed tacks - whatever that means. From mid sixteenth century the square sail made a comeback, not so much as a shape but in the sense that new rigging and sail plans were introduced which allowed multiple masts and multiple sails per mast, most of them square. Other innovations such as the bowsprit were later introduced which either increased efficiency or reduced manpower needs. Columbus' own ship during the journey to America, a Nao design, did not use a Lateen sail.

@@Conscription
By 1500, discontent with the church and the medieval order of society had been growing for centuries. There had long been outcries against abuses in the church, especially the blatant worldliness of some of the clergy, the emphasis on money, and the oppressiveness, not only intellectual but economic, of members of the church hierarchy. In 1517, Martin Luther began his protest of the dispensing of indulgences and sparked off a movement to reform the Western Christian church that is today called Protestantism. Quick to grab the opportunity to throw off the yoke of the Catholic Church, the monarchies of Northern and Eastern Europe quickly adopted the reformation, changing the political and religious landscape of Europe forever.

@@Construction
When first introduced, cannons could only be mounted in the forecastle and aftercastle. As naval guns grew larger they began to have an adverse effect on a ship's stability as they were situated so far above the waterline and this limited the size of guns which could be carried. The invention of the Gun Port, windows cut into the hull's side with hinged close-fitting lids finally solved this problem and allowed many more guns of greater weight than was possible before. This invention is usually attributed to the French shipwright Descharges of Brest.

@@Corporation
The earth's magnetic field results from a spinning molten metallic core. The concentration of metal in the northern part of the globe means that compass needles will point generally, but not exactly, north. The difference between true north and magnetic north is called "magnetic deviation". Rounding the southern coast of Africa in the 1480s and 1490s, Portuguese navigators discovered one point where magnetic north and true north were virtually identical. They called this place the "Cape of the Needles" (Cabo das Agulhas) because all compass needles pointed to true north. Soon thereafter, it became common to note the magnetic deviation at different areas on a map to reduce navigational errors. 
 
@@Currency
The Council of Trent(1545-1563)was the 19th ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic church, which, in response to the Protestant Reformation, initiated a general reform of the church and precisely defined its essential dogmas. The decrees of the council were confirmed by Pope Pius IV in 1564, and they set the standard of faith and practice for the church until the mid-20th century. Besides resolving for Roman Catholics some crucial doctrinal and disciplinary questions, the council also imparted to their leaders a sense of cohesion and direction that became an essential element of the revitalization of the church leading to the Counter Reformation.

@@The Democracy
Not Used.

@@Electricity
Corts, Hernn or Cortez, Hernando (1485-1547), Spanish explorer and conqueror of the Aztec Empire of Mexico. In 1511 he joined Spanish soldier and administrator Diego Velzquez in the conquest of Cuba and subsequently became alcalde (mayor) of Santiago de Cuba. In 1518 Corts persuaded Velzquez, who had become governor of Cuba, to give him the command of an expedition to Central America. Three years later, after a desperate siege of three months, the Aztech capital Tenochtitln finally fell to a combined force of Cortez's few hundred soldiers and other allied natives. Corts built Mexico City on the ruins of Tenochtitln. Colonists were brought over from Spain, and the city became the principal European city in America for over a century.

@@Electronics
In 1698, the English engineer Thomas Savery built a steam engine that used two copper vessels alternately filled with steam from a boiler. Savery's engine was also used for pumping water, as was the so-called atmospheric engine designed by the English inventor Thomas Newcomen in 1705. The steam engine did not become practical however until In the Scottish engineer and inventor James Watt produced a series of inventions that made possible the modern steam engine. Watt's first important development was the design of an engine that incorporated a separate condensing chamber for the steam. This engine, patented in 1769, greatly increased the economy of the Newcomen machine by avoiding the loss of steam. Another radical departure in the design of the early Watt engines was the use of steam pressure instead of atmospheric pressure to perform the actual work of the engine.

@@Engineering
Pope Leo the Great laid the cornerstone for usury laws in the fifth century when he forbade clerics from usury (charging interest on loans) and condemned laymen for it. It was generally accepted from then on within the Christian world that usury was a manifestation of greed or at least a lack of charity. In 850 A.D. the Synod of Paris excommunicated all usurers. After Pope Leo the Great had been dead for a millenia, economies finally matured enough to warrant loans because of new growth prospects and the idea of charging interest was promoted again by a a gentleman named Conrad Summenhart in Bologna. Within a year, the idea of a lending institution charging interest for its services had been overwhelming accepted in Italy and soon spread to the rest of Europe. 

@@Explosives
In Renaissance Europe handwritten newsletters circulated privately among merchants, passing along information about everything from wars to economic and social conditions. The first printed forerunners of the newspaper appeared in Germany when the printing press was popularized. In the English-speaking world, the earliest predecessors of the newspaper were corantos, small news pamphlets produced only when some event worthy of notice occurred. The first successively published title was The Weekly Newes of 1622 in a newsbook format - like Newsweek of today and the first true newspaper in English was the London Gazette of 1666. 

@@Feudalism
As warships grew, it soon became apparent that it was possible, and indeed desirable to house guns on more than one deck (a deck being the horizontal levels which divide a ship). 
A warship with two gun decks would be arranged as so - The lowest level was the Orlop Deck. The Lower Deck came next and the heaviest guns were mounted here, firing through the lowest line of gun-ports. The majority of the seamen lived on the lower deck. Above this the Middle Deck with the medium sized guns and then the Main Deck which was in the open. In the stern there were further partial decks above the Main deck. These were the Quarter Deck, reserved for officers, and the Poop Deck where the ship was steered. 

@@Flight
Sir Francis Drake is the most famous of the English navigators and explorers. In 1572 he commanded his first marauding expedition against Spanish ports in the Caribbean Sea. He captured the port of Nombre de Dios and destroyed the nearby town of Portobelo.returning to England with a cargo of Spanish silver and a reputation as a brilliant privateer. In 1577, he set off on another mission in the Pacific Ocean. While four other ships were loast at sea, Drake sailed on alone in his flagship, the Golden Hind plundering Spanish ports along the Pacific coast of South America. The Golden Hind then set sail heading westward across the Pacific Ocean reaching the Indonesian Isles, rounding the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa, and reached England in September 1580. Bearing a rich cargo of spices and captured Spanish treasure, he was hailed as the first Englishman to circumnavigate the world. He was knighted by Queen Elizabeth and served as a member of Parliament in 1584 and 1585. In 1587 war with Spain was recognized as imminent, and Drake was dispatched by the queen to destroy the fleet being assembled by the Spanish in the harbor of Cdiz. He accomplished most of his purpose and in the following year served as vice admiral of the English fleet that defeated the rebuilt Spanish Armada.

@@Fusion Power
After the arrival of the Europeans there was a sharp decline in the local population of most of the islands in the Caribbean Sea. It is estimated that over a million people lived in Cuba before the arrival of the Europeans. Twenty-five years later there were only 2,000 left. Large numbers had been killed, while others died of starvation, disease, committed suicide or had died from the consequences of being forced to work long hours in the gold mines. This created a problem for the Europeans as they needed labour to exploit the natural resources of these islands. Eventually the Europeans came up with a solution: the importation of slaves from Africa. By 1540, an estimated 10,000 slaves a year were being brought from Africa to replace the diminishing local populations. Merchants obtained the slaves from African chiefs by giving them goods from Europe. At first, these slaves were often the captured soldiers from tribal wars. However, the demand for slaves become so great that raiding parties were organised to obtain young Africans. 

@@Genetic Engineering
Sextant, optical instrument used for the measurement of angular distance between any two objects. The instrument was invented independently, in the early 1700s, by both the English mathematician John Hadley and the American inventor Thomas Godfrey. Like its predecessors the astrolable and cross staff, the sextant enabled a navigator to measure the angular elevation of the sun and other celestial bodies, and from this information the navigator's latitude and longitude. It was stable, portable and yet accurate and became every navigators companion. 

@@Labor Union
The first modern banks were established in the 17th century, notably the Bank of England in 1694. When William and Mary came to the throne in 1688, public finances were weak and they sought to borrow money from a rich gentleman by the name of William Paterson. Being a shrewd businessman, Paterson proposed a loan of 1,200,000 to the Government in return for a Royal Charter to set up the Bank of England and the right to issue notes . The Bank started with 17 clerks and 2 gatekeepers and managed the Government's accounts and made loans to finance spending at times of peace and war. A commercial bank too, it took deposits and issued notes and possessed two characteristics of this fractional-reserve banking remain the basis for present-day operations. First, the banking system's monetary liabilities exceed its reserves. This feature was responsible in part for Western industrialization, and it still remains important for economic expansion. Second, deposits of the banks are more liquid than are the loans and investments included on the banks' balance sheets. This characteristic enabled the financing of activities that otherwise would be deferred or cancelled.

@@Literacy
With single planked boats, the construction is designed to "breathe." This was accomplished by using fairly wide seams and filling them with fiber, such as cotton or oakum, so that when the ship takes up water, the planking and oakum swell and the boat becomes water tight. By contrast, a double-planked boat is designed to be "dry": two layers of planking and the joints are tightly fitted with a watertight material sandwiched between. It had the additional advantage of allowing additional thickness in the hull which was crucial when exchanging cannon fire. Warships of the seventeenth century could boast of massive double planked sides of oak of up to 18 inches, making them very resistant to fatal damage in a broadside battle. However, ships remained vulnerable directly ahead and astern, leading to tactics which tried to allow your ships to cross the line of the enemy.

@@Magnetism
The final development of the flint-ignition firearm was the flintlock. This type of firing mechanism consisted of a hammer powered by a trigger spring and bearing a piece of flint; when the trigger was pulled, the hammer struck the flint against a serrated steel striker plate located above the priming pan and thus produced a shower of sparks. The flintlock was the prevailing type of small-arms weapon for both shoulder guns and handguns from the end of the 17th century to the middle of the 19th century. Another invention of the time was the bayonet, weapon resembling a short sword or a dagger, designed to be attached to the muzzle of a rifle or musket. The bayonet is believed to have been developed in Bayonne, France, about 1650. It consisted originally of a spike or dagger equipped with a handle that fit into the muzzle of the musket. As each infantrymen became equipped with a bayonet, they made the concept of having pikeman obsolete.

@@Map Making
Longitude is the location of a place east or west of a north-south line called the prime meridian measured in angles ranging from 0 to 180. When used in conjnction with Latitude, it provided a coordinate system which indicated the exact position on the world's surface. At the equator, meridians of longitude 1 degree apart are separated by a distance of 111 km. In the sixteenth century, two methods were known for determining longitude. Once was called the lunar distance method and the other was the Moons of Jupitor method. Neither was practical and either took several hours of observations and calculations.

@@Masonry
One of the greatest inventions relating to shipbuilding in the eighteenth century was the steering wheel. As ships got larger, it began to take half a dozen men to man the tiller. The steering wheel geared to the rudder by means of ropes or chains reduced this requirement to a single person, the helmsman. An additional advantage was that the helmsman could now be situated on the deck of the ship in visual contact with the ship's sails and surrounding environment.

@@Mass Production
Seventeenth-century English goldsmiths provided the model for contemporary banking. Gold stored with these artisans for safekeeping was expected to be returned to the owners on demand. The goldsmiths soon discovered that the amount of gold actually removed by owners was only a fraction of the total stored. Thus, they could temporarily lend out some of this gold to others, obtaining a promissory note for principal and interest. In time, paper certificates redeemable in gold coin were circulated instead of gold. Consequently, the total value of these banknotes in circulation exceeded the value of the gold that was exchangeable for the notes.

@@Mathematics
Sail powered naval warfare reached its peak when the triple gundeck made its appearence. Massive ships weighing 3000 tons with three decks of guns became the main elements of the European navies. The arrangements of guns on three decks allowed ships to carry over 90 guns and these were variously called second rated ships of the line if they carried under 100 guns of first rated ships of the line if they 100 guns or  more.

@@Medicine
As shipboard guns were designed to be fired at other ships, they fared very poorly when it came to shore bombardment. They had neither the range nor firepower to match shore based batteries. A new naval weapon was introduced in the mid seventheenth century called the Mortar and first saw action in the attack on the pirate stronghold of Algiers about a century after it was first used on land. This was a single large piece or artillery mounted into the forward deck of a ship after the forward mast was removed. It fired a projectile, called a bomb, weighing two hundred pounds and able to make short work of any shore fortifications. The missing mast required a special sail arrangement called a ketch rig - hence the name bomb ketch.

@@Metallurgy
Although guns of various diameters and length were introduced as cannons became the standard armament of warships, a common format eventually came into being based on the weight of the cannon ball used. The various sizes were 6, 12, 18, 24, 32 and 42 pounds. For example, a gun which fired a 32 pound ball was called a 32 pounder. The largest of these, was the 42 Pounder. It was 9 feet 6inches long, fired a ball 6.7 inches in diameter and had a range of almost 2000 yards. Weighing 7500 pounds, it could be carried in meaningful numbers on only the biggest of warships.

@@The Monarchy
Rule by monarchy developed as a logical extension of the absolute rule of tribal chieftains. Many of the earliest monarchs, such as those in ancient Egypt, claimed that they ruled by divine right. In the spread of European monarchy during the Middle Ages, however, rulership was generally conveyed upon a leader who could most effectively raise and command an army. Monarchies are dynastic, with rule of the country passing to the eldest son when the king dies or retires. Monarchs had absolute rule over their subjects, severely limiting the personal and economic freedom of all citizens except for nobility and the rich upper-class. Although monarchies ruled most of Europe for centuries, the unhappiness of lower-class citizens eventually grew intolerable, causing several major revolutions. By the mid-18th century, the power of the European monarchs had been severely limited, paving the way for participatory systems of government.

@@Mysticism
Colonization of the New World picked up in pace when various religious groups realized that they could continue practising their version of the faith unhindered in overseas colonies which they set up themselves. Becuase these colonists were not organized or sponsored by governments and crossed the oceans willingly, a much faster transfer of population took place than was possible before. One good example is the members of the Mayflower Compact, the first colonial agreement that formed a government by the consent of the governed. The Mayflower Compact was signed in 1620 by Pilgrims, members of the Separatist congregation that had split from the Church of England, hoping to establish a settlement in North America. 

@@Navigation
The Julian calendar, in use since 45 b.c., fixed the normal year at 365 days, and the leap year, every fourth year, at 366 days and also established the order of the months and the days of the week as they exist today. Unknown at the time, the Julian year was 11 min and 14 sec too long. This discrepancy accumulated until the calendar in European was quite misaligned with the seasons by the sixteenth century. To correct this error, Pope Gregory XIII issued a decree dropping 10 days from the calendar in 1582. To prevent further displacement he instituted a new calendar, known as the Gregorian calendar, that provided that only century years divisible evenly by 400 should be leap years. The finally allowed the accurate estimation of latitude at sea which required knowledge of the sun's position on any given day of the year.

@@Nuclear Fission
Qing Dynasty, 1644-1911, also known as Ch'ing or Manchu, last of the Chinese dynasties. During the Qing period, imperial China reached its zenith of power and influence.
The Qing dynasty lasted for almost 300 years, extended China's borders farther than they had ever been before, and perfected the Chinese imperial system. After flourishing in the 18th century, it fell apart in the 19th. The complicated imperial system of governing proved to be inflexible and could not adjust as new problems arose. Bad harvests, warfare, rebellions, overpopulation, economic disasters, and foreign imperialism contributed to the dynasty's collapse. A revolution erupted in October 1911 ending dynatic rule in China.

@@Nuclear Power
Sir John Hawkins became Treasurer of the Navy in 1577 and as he was an experienced seaman, he began proposing ideas for improving the basic ship design of the day. Hawkin's notion was that if a ship was made to lie low in the water by cutting down her high sides she could be made more weatherly. The high forecastle and aftercastle of British ships were replaced by lower structures while a rounderd stern and a longer length to beam ratio were also introduced. Besides handling better, these changes greatly increasing speed and thus the 'low charged' design was born.

@@Philosophy
Portuguese map-maker Pedro Reinel drew the first now-standard 32 point compass rose with the fleur-de-lis indicating north and the cross east (toward the Holy Land). He also began the tradition of drawing the large compass rose on West Africa, allowing pilots to plot courses in either the North or South Atlantic Oceans. When each difference in direction was displayed with triangles of opposing colors as it was in the Compass Rose, it made it much easier to distinguish numerically small differences between one bearing and the next. On the traditional Mediterranean line compass, which would have all the 32 cardinal directions converging on a single point, it very much easier to make a life-taking mistake.

@@Physics
In the 1730s, Frederick the Great revolutionized European land battle tactics by assimilating marching, the so called cadenced step, into the Prussian armies fighting formations. As a result, well drilled Prussian formations could form up in minutes compared to the hours taken by their contemporaries and flank them at will. As a result, Prussia managed to persevere against the combined might of Austria, France and Russia. Frederick's other innovations were a common training manual for the officer corps leading to the world's first professional army and the use of horse drawn reserve artillery.

@@Plastics
England and Scotland had been ruled by the same kings for more than 100 years. But the two kingdoms quarreled often. In 1707 Parliament passed the Act of Union(not to be confused with two other Acts of Union which concerned Wales and Ireland), joining Scotland to England and Wales. The new kingdom was called Great Britain. The Scots were allowed to keep their legal system, but gave up their Parliament. In return, they received 45 seats in the English House of Commons and could elect 16 lords to the English House of Lords. 
 
@@Pottery
Scurvy, disease of human beings caused by a prolonged deficiency of vitamin C, or ascorbic acid, in the diet. It is characterized by progressive bodily weakness, spongy and inflamed gums, loose teeth, swollen and tender joints, and a tendency toward Anemia and hemorrhage. Lack of vitamin C intake results in the adsorption and decreased production by the body of the intercellular material that supports the fibrous tissues and forms the cement substance of capillaries, bone, dentin, and cartilage. The disease may appear in adults after about six months of complete lack of vitamin C. Scurvy became prevalent when sailors began to spend months at sea without fresh vegetables, and in such cases it was usually fatal. In 1795, lime juice was issued to all British naval vessels on the recommendation of the Scottish physician James Lind - although the Dutch had already been using citrus fruits in a ship's diet for several hundred years

@@Railroad
Not Used.

@@Recycling
The word dictionary was first used by Henry Cockeram in 1623 when the 'The English Dictionarie' was published. Early works characteristically confined themselves to "hard words" and phrases not generally understood, because the daily vocabulary of the language was not expected to require elucidation. The 'New English Dictionary' of 1702 by John Kersey was a departure from the hard-word tradition; it included ordinary English words as well as unfamiliar terms. The availability of these and other dictionarys went a long way in encouraging literacy among the public and the ensuing explosive growth of knowledge and science in the eighteenth century.

@@Refining
Around the end of the eighteenth century, a new ship design began to make appearence. This new design featured a hollow bow, a sharply raked stern and a lenght to beam ratio of over 6 to 1. It was called a clipper and it reigned supreme on the high seas in terms of speed. Although the narrow hull had greatly reduced space for cargo, it was eminently suitable for shipping goods where timing was crucial, such as the tea trade where the first few shipments into port each season fetched a hefty premium.

@@The Republic
Not Used.

@@Robotics
Early systems of public finance often taxed a variety of goods and activities, including property, trade, and sometimes wealth. Administrators in England attempted to collect the first true income tax, a tax on wages, in 1404, but the public quickly demanded its repeal, and all tax records were burned. Modern forms of income taxation date to a British income tax levied in 1799. This tax raised revenues for the Napoleonic Wars against France, which Britain and a coalition of other European nations won in 1815. By popular demand, the British repealed its second income tax in 1816.

@@Rocketry
Not Used

@@Space Flight
Not Used.

@@Steam Engine
Not Used.

@@Amphibious Warfare
The kingdom of Castile had expanded to Cordoba and Seville in 1236, and in 1469 Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon, married, more or less unifying these two kingdoms, creating what looks like the modern map of the Iberian peninsula - except for Islamic kingdom of Grenada in the south and the small kingdom of Navarre in the northeast. In 1482 Castile launched a war of conquest against Grenada and Spain was finally unified by 1492. The two rulers who ruled as equals are best known for the Spanish Inquisition, a persecution of Jews and Muslims as well as the sponsoring of Columbus' expedition to America.

@@Combined Arms
Mercantilism was an economic policy prevailing in Europe during the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries, under which governmental control was exercised over industry and trade in accordance with the theory that national strength is increased by a preponderance of exports over imports. The mercantilist approach in economic policy first developed during the growth of national states; efforts were directed toward the elimination of the internal trade barriers that characterized the Middle Ages. Mercantilism was characterized not so much by a consistent or formal doctrine as by a set of generally held beliefs. These beliefs included the ideas that exports to foreign countries are preferable both to trade within a country and to imports; that the wealth of a nation depends primarily on the possession of gold and silver; and that governmental interference in the national economy is justified if it tends to implement the attainment of these objectives. Exploitation of colonies was considered a legitimate method of providing the parent countries with precious metals and with the raw materials on which export industries depended.

@@Economics
At about A1500 a type of musket called the matchlock began to appear in increasing numbers. This weapon was essentially the same as the older firelock, except that the slow match was clamped in the top of a device called a serpentine, an S-shaped piece of metal pivoted in the center. Pulling with one finger on the bottom of the serpentine, as on a trigger, moved the top with the attached slow match into the priming pan, which contained the firing charge of gunpowder. Because only one finger was needed to fire the weapon, the matchlock left both hands free to hold and aim the firearm. This also allowed a shorter version of the musket which could be aimed and fired with one hand, basically the earliest pistols. A refinement in the shape of its stock to permit firing from the shoulder produced the harquebus. 

@@Environmentalism
Logarithm is the power to which a stated number, called the base, is raised to yield a specific number. For example, as 10 to the power of 21 is 100, the logarithm of 100 (base 10) is 2. The first tables of logarithms were published independently by the Scottish mathematician John Napier in 1614 and the first table of common logarithms was compiled by the English mathematician Henry Briggs. The beauty of logarithms was that they simplified several arithmetical operations like multiplication and division by using a small book of tables. This allowed many astronomical and engineering breakthroughs by greatly reducing calculation times. Soon after their discovery these tables were incorporated into mechanical devices called slide-rules which remained in use until the mid twentieth century.

@@Espionage
The deployment of cannons in land action rendered all seige tactics obsolete. While walls which had stood for hundreds of years became vulnerable to mobile cannons, defensive cannons which did not need carraiges tended to be much bigger and more powerful. In addition, attackers had to contend with a new system of in-depth defences based on interlocking bastions, a low structures protected by earthen ramparts and moats. New seige tactics involving zig-zagging trenches and sappers had to be invented to circumvent these new era fortresses. (the trebuchet was in used at this time and its icon is used to represent these new seige units although it was by no means the only weapon at the disposal of seiging armies)

@@Fundamentalism
Pagans are followers of any religion not tracing its roots back to Abraham a religious figure common to Christians, Muslims and Jews. This includes practionioners of Hinduism, Buddhism, Taoism, Animism and Polytheism and covers the main religions of almost all areas outside of Europe and the Middle-east.

@@Guerrilla Warfare
When word of how the Europeans mistreated the natives under their control spread to the remaining 'free' regions of the world, the empires of the day begin to resist even contact with the westerners. Japan was a prime example and it remained closed to foreign influences with the exception of Dutch traders confined to an artificial island called Dejima, atleast until the Meiji Restoration. The Boxer Uprising led by Chinese nationalists known to Westerners as the Boxers, was another attempt at circumventing western economic and political exploitation.

@@The Laser
The first detailed descriptions of cellular life were made by the inventor of the microscope, Dutch naturalist Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, who observed microscopic organisms that he called animalcules. He devised, as a hobby, his single, tiny, double-convex lenses mounted between brass plates and held close to the eye. Through them he was able to peer at objects mounted on pinheads, magnifying them up to 300 times. In 1674  he gave the first accurate description of red blood corpuscles. He then observed what he called animalcules-known today as protozoa and bacteria-in pond water, rainwater, in human saliva, and in 1677  he described the spermatozoa of both insects and humans. By many accounts, Leeuwenhoek's discoveries marked the beginning of modern medicine.

@@Leadership
Michiel Adriaanszoon de Ruyter was a Dutch naval commander who proved that the smaller ships that the Dutch had to use because of shallow waters did not mean that they could not be looked upon as a Naval power. He first distinguished himself during the First Anglo-Dutch War. In 1653, de Ruyter became vice-admiral of Holland, and during the Second Anglo-Dutch War he defeated the English in the Four Days' Battle fought near Dunkerque, France, in 1666. In June of 1667, de Ruyter conducted a daring expedition up the Medway River in England, destroying Upnor Castle and burning a great number of English ships. As admiral-in-chief of the Dutch fleet during the Third Anglo-Dutch War he saved the fleet from destruction by English and French ships in the Battle of Southwold Bay off the English coast in 1672, and prevented an allied invasion of Holland in 1673.

@@Machine Tools
Not Used.

@@Miniaturization
The distinction between a piano and the earlier harpsichord is that its volume changes depended on how hard the keys are struck. 1709 is the most often quoted year, for the appearance of the piano, then called Pianoforte. It was built by Bartolomeo Christofori who produced about twenty specimens and went back to harpsichords manufacturer, due to the lack of interest in his pianos. Several improvements had to be made before the piano gained in popularity and it was not until 1768 that the first piano recital was given (by J.C. Bach). Within a few years Haydn's popular piano sonatas, started the shift from the harpsichord to the piano but it was Mozart's piano concertos which finally put the harpsichord into the museum. 

@@Mobile Warfare
Not Used.

@@Monotheism
The word renaissance means "rebirth." The preceding era, which began with the collapse of the Roman Empire around the 5th century, became known as the Middle Ages to indicate its position between the classical and modern world. The Renaissance was in fact a series of literary and cultural movements in the mid second millenia. These movements began in Italy and eventually expanded into Germany, France, England, and other parts of Europe. Participants studied the great civilizations of ancient Greece and Rome and came to the conclusion that their own cultural achievements rivaled those of antiquity. Their thinking was also influenced by the concept of humanism, which emphasizes the worth of the individual. Renaissance humanists believed it was possible to improve human society through classical education. This education relied on teachings from ancient texts and emphasized a range of disciplines, including poetry, history, rhetoric (rules for writing prose), and moral philosophy.

@@Future Technology
Industrial Revolution, widespread replacement of manual labor by machines that began in Britain in the late 18th century and is still continuing in some parts of the world. The Industrial Revolution was the result of many fundamental, interrelated changes that transformed agricultural economies into industrial ones. The most immediate changes were in the nature of production: what was produced, as well as where and how. Goods that had traditionally been made in the home or in small workshops began to be manufactured in the factory. Productivity and technical efficiency grew dramatically, in part through the systematic application of scientific and practical knowledge to the manufacturing process. Efficiency was also enhanced when large groups of business enterprises were located within a limited area. The Industrial Revolution led to the growth of cities as people moved from rural areas into urban communities in search of work.

@@Polytheism
In 1714 the British Board of Longitude announced that 20,000 pounds would be awarded to the person who devised a method to find a ship's longitude anywhere on earth to an accuracy of 1/2 (Because the earth revolves 360 in 24 hours, or 15 per hour, the time difference multiplied by 15 would be the ship's longitude.) Spurred by the competition, Jphn Harrison spent nearly all of his life perfecting a marine chronometer, an time instrument that was immune to the constant motion of the sea which plagued pendulum based clocks. Harrison's fourth chronometer was carried across the Atlantic Ocean from England to Jamaica and back during a five-month sea trial in 1761 and 1762 and was found to have an error of only 1 and a quarter minutes of longitude, which surpassed the requirements for the prize. He won the award in 1763

@@Radio
Not Used.

@@Refrigeration
Throughout Europe, the distinction between the city and outlying districts tended to remain sharp through the Middle Ages and Renaissance; to accommodate a large influx of newcomers, city walls were expanded or densely populated areas adjacent to the overcrowded city were gradually annexed to it. For example, London's population grew from 120,000 to 750,000 between 1500 and 1700. However there was a logistical limit to the size of a city. Migration from the central city to the surrounding areas was encouraged by overcrowding, better road networks and technological advances in transportation. Eventually the entire area surrounding major cities began to evovle into seperate suburbs supporting and associated with these cities. This greatly increased the maximum size a city could achieve.

@@Sanitation
Not Used.

@@Seafaring
In this scenario, Europe is divided into two types of powers, the Land Powers and Naval Powers. Historically the empires which did not focus on exploration and colonization, the Habsburg Empire, Ottoman Empire, Russian Empire and Sweeden (and perhaps later Prussia) are controlled by the A.I. while the five naval powers, England, France, Spain, Portugal and the Netherlands are seperate tribes playable by Humans.

@@Stealth
Not Used.

@@Tactics
Not Used.

@@Theology
In the Age of Colonization, European countries wanted to spread their religious beliefs and eliminate other religions and some European colonizing powers justified their colonial activities on what they called humanitarian motives. Roman Catholic countries, particularly Spain, set out to convert non-Christian native peoples. Protestant countries also used religion as a motive for expansion.

The most successful of these mission programs was undoubtedly the Jesuits.  Missions were established by St. Francis Xavier in India and Japan, and the order spread to the interior of China and the coast of Africa. Letters from the Jesuit missionaries in Canada, containing ethnological, historical, and scientific information, were published as the Jesuit Relations and form a unique and valuable source of information about the native tribes of that country. The most famous work of the Jesuit missionarieshowever was in South America.

@@Warrior Code
Not Used.

@@Wheel
Not Used.

@@Writing
Founded in 1654, Nerchinsk was a Russian city and outpost in East Asia from the 17th to the 19th century. A Russo-Chinese border treaty signed at Nerchinsk in 1689 was the first treaty concluded between China and a European power; it granted the Transbaikalia area to Russia and left the Amur valley to China. The treaty also permitted Russian trading caravans to go to Beijing and Nerchinsk became an important customs and trade center on the caravan route. This treaty marked the first instance that the Chinese finally acknowledged that a western power was significant enough to be a threat to its security. 

@@Gunpowder
Not Used.

@@Horseback Riding
A Mercator projection is a mathematical method of showing a map of the globe on a flat surface. This projection was developed in 1568 by Gerhardus Mercator a Flemish geographer, mathematician, and cartographer. Before this time, navigation charts used by sailors did not correctly account for the recently proven fact that the world was round. Mercator's equations allowed cartographers to produce charts from which sailors could easily navigate because any line plotted on a mercator map between an origin and destination point would give the correct compass bearing to reach the destination.

@@Industrialization
One of the first distinguishing features to the Europeans when they explored the world was the startling difference in architecture, which was uninfluenced by Greek and ROman styles. China for example had a traditional reverence toward ancestors and a stable and hierarchical life through an extended family. This is  reflected in the symmetrical and walled rectangular form of Chinese housing. Other natives had other focuses. For instance Japanese houses were more concerned with achieving a satisfying relationship with nature while Hindu architecture tended to be rich in visual symbols such as elaborate carvings.

@@Invention
Armand Jean du Plessis, Duc de Richelieu was a French cardinal and statesman, who more than anyone else laid the foundations of the country's 17th-century grandeur. In 1624 he became King Louis XIII's chief minister and by vigorous and effective measures, succeeded in breaking the political power of the great families of France-making the king an absolute ruler-and in establishing France as the first military power of Europe. He encouraged French exploration and colonization in Canada and the Indies. A liberal patron of literature, Richelieu was the founder of the French Academy.

@@Iron Working
The Fighting Age of Sail is defined by the rules of engagement that evolved after the design of sail powered warships reached their zenith. According to the code of the time, any ship which carried more than 60 guns were those which were powerful enough to take their place in the line of battle and were termed Ships of the Line. The 4th to 6th rated ships which carried between 20 to 60 guns were known generically as Frigates and carried all their guns on a single deck. They would not be fired upon unless they attacked first.

@@Steel
Not Used.

@@Superconductor
Not Used.

@@Theory of Gravity
Not Used.

@@Trade
Before the Portuguese managed to start a viable sea route to India, trade between Asia and Europe remained the domain of the Ottomans and Persians and their territories were an integral part of a vast network of caravan routes from Morocco to Beijing. In genral spices, silk and porcelain from China were exchanged for glass, mechanical devices and various goods from Africa. Even as war waged between the Turks and EUropeans, merchant ships continued to arrive at eastern meditteranean ports to off load their goods and pick up other goods for distribution in Western Europe. The trade provided an important source of income in the form of taxes for the Ottomans and no Europeans were ever allowed to operate a caravan.

@@The University
Although porcelain exports first started in the Yuan dynasty, it remained a relatively unimportant export item until Ming period when the clear glaze of porcelain was painted with designs of great vigor and freedom of line in cobalt oxide. The blue-and-white ware became identified with the Ming and was the favorite of 16th century Europe. Porcelain evolved under the Manchu and a vast number of fine porcelain vessels were produced in the Qing dynasty, for both domestic and foreign markets, with potters concentrating on popular polychrome enamel styles were famille verte (green, yellow, and aubergine purple) and its derivatives, famille noir (black ground) and famille jaune (yellow ground). In the 18th century, European collecting of Chinese porcelain was at its peak and thereafter less stereotyped European designs began to dominate. 

@IMPROVEMENT_DESCRIPTIONS
;
;
@@IMPROVEMENT_INDEX
-1,			; Nothing
15,			; Palace
2,			; Barracks
8,			; Granary
22,			; Temple
12,			; MarketPlace
10,			; Library
6,			; Courthouse
4,			; City Walls
0,			; Aqueduct
1,			; Bank
3,			; Cathedral
23,			; University
13,			; Mass Transit
5,			; Colosseum
7,			; Factory
11,			; Manufacturing Plant
18,			; SDI Defense
17,			; Recycling Center
16,			; Power Plant
9,			; Hydro Plant
14,			; Nuclear Plant
34,			; Stock Exchange
32,			; Sewer System
35,			; Supermarket
36,			; Superhighways
30,			; Research Lab
31,			; SAM Missile Battery
26,			; Coastal Fortress
33,			; Solar Plant
37,			; Harbor
27,			; Offshore Platform
24,			; Airport
28,			; Police Station
29,			; Port Facility
21,			; SS Structural
19,			; SS Component
20,			; SS Module
25,			; (Capitalization)
-2,			; MUST BE HERE! TERMINATOR!

@@Aqueduct
@@Bank
@@Barracks
@@Cathedral
@@City Walls
@@Colosseum
@@Courthouse
@@Factory
@@Granary
@@Hydro Plant
@@Library
@@Manufacturing Plant
@@Marketplace
@@Mass Transit
@@Nuclear Power Plant
@@Palace
@@Power Plant
@@Recycling Center
@@SDI Defense
@@Spaceship Component
@@Spaceship Module
@@Spaceship Structural
@@Temple
@@University
@@Airport
@@Capitalization
@@Coastal Fortress
@@Offshore Platform
@@Police Stations
@@Port Facilities
@@Research Lab
@@SAM Missile Battery
@@Sewer System
@@Solar Power Plant
@@Stock Exchange
@@Supermarket
@@Superhighway
@@Harbor
Not Supported in TRON.

@WONDER_DESCRIPTIONS
;
;
@@WONDER_INDEX
21,			; Pyramids
9,			; Hanging Gardens
2,			; Colossus
15,			; Lighthouse
7,			; Great Library
20,			; Oracle
8,			; Great Wall
25,			; Sun Tzu's War Academy
13,			; King Richard's Crusade
18,			; Marco Polo's Embassy
19,			; Michelangelo's Chapel
3,			; Copernicus' Observatory
16,			; Magellan's Expedition
23,			; Shakespeare's Theatre
14,			; Leonardo's Workshop
12,			; J. S. Bach's Cathedral
11,			; Isaac Newton's College
0,			; Adam Smith's Trading Co.
5,			; Darwin's Voyage
24,			; Statue of Liberty
6,			; Eiffel Tower
27,			; Women's Suffrage
10,			; Hoover Dam
17,			; Manhattan Project
26,			; United Nations
1,			; Apollo Program
22,			; SETI Program
4,			; Cure for Cancer
-2,			; MUST BE HERE! TERMINATOR!

@@Adam Smith's Trading Co.
@@Apollo Program
@@Colossus
@@Copernicus' Observatory
@@Cure for Cancer
@@Darwin's Voyage
@@Eiffel Tower
@@Great Library
@@Great Wall
@@Hanging Gardens
@@Hoover Dam
@@Isaac Newton's College
@@J.S. Bach's Cathedral
@@King Richard's Crusade
@@Leonardo's Workshop
@@Lighthouse
@@Magellan's Expedition
@@Manhattan Project
@@Marco Polo's Embassy
@@Michelangelo's Chapel
@@Oracle
@@Pyramids
@@SETI Program
@@Shakespeare's Theatre
@@Statue of Liberty
@@Sun Tzu's War Academy
@@United Nations
@@Women's Suffrage
Not Supported in TRON.

@UNIT_DESCRIPTIONS
;
;
@@UNIT_INDEX
49,			; Settlers
21,			; Engineers
43,			; Warriors
46,			; Phalanx
2,			; Archers
33,			; Legion
47,			; Pikemen
36,			; Musketeers
23,			; Fanatics
45,			; Partisans
1,			; Alpine Troops
48,			; Riflemen
34,			; Marines
44,			; Paratroopers
35,			; Mech. Inf.
29,			; Horsemen
13,			; Chariot
20,			; Elephant
14,			; Crusaders
32,			; Knights
19,			; Dragoons
12,			; Cavalry
3,			; Armor
11,			; Catapult
7,			; Cannon
4,			; Artillery
30,			; Howitzer
24,			; Fighter
6,			; Bomber
28,			; Helicopter
39,			; Stlth Ftr.
38,			; Stlth Bmbr.
42,			; Trireme
9,			; Caravel
27,			; Galleon
26,			; Frigate
31,			; Ironclad
17,			; Destroyer
16,			; Cruiser
0,			; AEGIS Cruiser
5,			; Battleship
40,			; Submarine
10,			; Carrier
41,			; Transport
15,			; Cruise Msl.
37,			; Nuclear Msl.
18,			; Diplomat
50,			; Spy
8,			; Caravan
25,			; Freight
22,			; Explorer
-1,			; Extra Land
-1,			; Extra Ship
-1,			; Extra Air
-1,			; Test Unit 1
-1,			; Test Unit 2
-1,			; Test Unit 3
-1,			; Test Unit 4
-1,			; Test Unit 5
-1,			; Test Unit 6
-1,			; Test Unit 7
-1,			; Test Unit 8
-2,			; MUST BE HERE! TERMINATOR!

@@AEGIS Cruiser
@@Alpine Troops
@@Archers
@@Armor
@@Artillery
@@Battleship
@@Bomber
@@Cannon
@@Caravan
@@Caravel
@@Carrier
@@Catapult
@@Cavalry
@@Chariot
@@Crusaders
@@Cruise Missile
@@Cruiser
@@Destroyer
@@Diplomat
@@Dragoons
@@Elephant
@@Engineers
@@Explorer
@@Fanatics
@@Fighter
@@Freight
@@Frigate
@@Galleon
@@Helicopter
@@Horsemen
@@Howitzer
@@Ironclad
@@Knights
@@Legion
@@Marines
@@Mechanized Infantry
@@Musketeers
@@Nuclear Missile
@@Stealth Bomber
@@Stealth Fighter
@@Submarine
@@Transport
@@Trireme
@@Warriors
@@Paratroopers
@@Partisans
@@Phalanx
@@Pikemen
@@Riflemen
@@Settlers
@@Spy
Not Supported in TRON.

@TERRAIN_AND_RESOURCE_DESCRIPTIONS
;
;
@@TERRAIN_INDEX
0,			; Desert
8,			; Plains
3,			; Grassland
1,			; Forest
4,			; Hills
6,			; Mountains
11,			; Tundra
2,			; Glacier
10,			; Swamp
5,			; Jungle
7,			; Ocean
24,			; Oasis
12,			; Buffalo
3,			; Grassland
18,			; Pheasant
13,			; Coal
21,			; Gold
18,			; Game
23,			; Ivory
26,			; Peat
20,			; Gems
14,			; Fish
25,			; Desert Oil
30,			; Wheat
3,			; Grassland
27,			; Silk
31,			; Wine
22,			; Iron
16,			; Furs
25,			; Glacier Oil
28,			; Spice
15,			; Fruit
29,			; Whales
-2,			; MUST BE HERE! TERMINATOR!

;Terrain Types
@@Desert
@@Forest
@@Glacier
@@Grassland
@@Hills
@@Jungle
@@Mountains
@@Ocean
@@Plains
@@River
@@Swamp
@@Tundra
Not Supported in TRON.


;Special Resources

@@Buffalo
@@Coal
@@Fish
@@Fruit
@@Furs
@@Game (Forest)
@@Pheasant
@@Musk Ox
@@Gems
@@Gold
@@Iron
@@Ivory
@@Oasis
@@Oil
@@Peat
@@Silk
@@Spice
@@Whales
@@Wheat
@@Wine
Not Supported in TRON.

@GOVERNMENT_DESCRIPTIONS
;
;
@@GOVERNMENT_INDEX
0,			; Anarchy
1,			; Despotism
5,			; Monarchy
2,			; Communism
4,			; Fundamentalism
6,			; Republic
3,			; Democracy
-2,			; MUST BE HERE! TERMINATOR!

@@Anarchy
Anarchy represents not so much a government type as the lack of any stable government. Anarchy occurs when your civilization's government falls, or when you decide to have a Revolution. After a few turns of Anarchy, you can rebuild a new government. Anarchy is similar to Despotism, except that the corruption rate is VERY HIGH. However, no taxes are collected during a period of Anarchy, and no scientific research is conducted.

@@Despotism	
Not used in TRON

@@Communism
A Feudal government is ruled by a single person, known as a Holy Roman Emperor in this case. In the feudal system, lands are granted to nobles such as Dukes, Barons and Earls in return for their alleigence and taxes. Under feudalsim, there is moderate waste and corruption, but this is independent of the distance of cities from the capital.

* Each unit beyond the first unit costs one Shield per turn.
* Settlers eat one Food per turn.
* Up to three military units in each city institute "martial law". Each of which makes two unhappy citizens content.
* All Diplomatic units produced under Feudal governments are Veterans.
* Feudalism is best for large, far-flung empires that need to maintain a large military - too bad only the Other Europeans are allowed to have it.

@@Democracy
Not used in TRON

@@Fundamentalism
Fundamentalism is a form of government organized around a central set of beliefs. These beliefs, usually religious in nature, form a rigid guideline for the actions and reactions of both the ruler and the people. Typically the ruler of a fundamentalist government is given grandiose titles such as 'Son of Heaven'. 

* Each unit beyond the first unit costs one Shield per turn (except Bandits, which never require maintenance).
* Settlers eat one Food per turn.
* Under Fundamentalism, no citizen is ever unhappy!
* Under Fundamentalism, Tax/Luxury/Science rates cannot be set higher than 80%.
* Under Fundamentalism, all Science production is HALVED.
* Improvements that normally convert unhappy citizens to content citizens produce "tithes" (money) equivalent to the number of people they would normally convert, and require no maintenance.

@@Monarchy
A Monarchy is ruled by a single person, known as a monarch. The monarch's rule is less absolute than that of a despot, and he or she usually has the acceptance of at least the upper-class. The aristocrats under this system of government have some economic freedom, allowing the civilization to be more productive. 

* Each unit beyond the third unit costs one Shield per turn.
* Settlers eat one Food per turn.

Up to three military units in each city institute "martial law". Each of these units makes one unhappy citizen content.

Monarchy has a moderate rate of corruption and waste. The farther a city is from your capital, the higher its level of corruption.

* Under a Monarchy, Tax/Luxury/Science rates cannot be set higher than 70%.

* Monarchy is the form of government used by all playable races in TRON.

@@Republic
Not used in TRON

@CONCEPT_DESCRIPTIONS
;
;Translation Note: The text in this section comes, verbatim, from the CONCEPT.PDE text file in the ;original Civilopedia. (French and German versions are .PDF and .PDG respectively.)
;

@@Merchants
Every power is made deliberately poor. In order to get advances faster, players need to transport their merchants using special ships to collect trade goods which lie next to trading posts (huts along the shore of non-European continents). You start with one merchant but no ship you have then can carry a merchant. Do not move your merchant until you can build ships labeled as 'M-ship' in the defense minister's screen.

New goods appear randomly and a new merchant is regenrated at the principal port for every tradegood that is collected(destroyed). Each iteration of this process produces gold and sometimes there is more than one tradegood stacked leading to a growing merchant force. 

There is no way to know if there are goods at a trading post unless a merchant is present and ACTIVATED. That means a ship passing by, even if it is carrying a sleeping merchant, will not notice goods awaiting a 'buyer'. It is also possible to station merchants at trading posts until one or more crates of tradegoods arrive. Merchants will not remain under your employment if they are not housed in a city, merchant vessel or trading post so be careful.

@@Additional Income
To be successful, you will need lots of gold to finance deficit spending and a high rate of research. Besides using merchants, there are several other ways to do this:
 
a. Discover new types of goods to create demand in Europe - this creates more merchants  
 
b. Capture Heathen Kings - few opportunities but the pay-off is huge
 
c. Capture Trade Caravans - small pay-off but there will be many opportunities
  
d. Europeanize Land (refer to Terrain and Settlers section) in the new territories.
 
e. Plunder Heathen Treasuries - these are improvements in big Heathen cities which serve no purpose to you.

@@Terrain and Settlers
The Map is laid out like a political map rather than the typical geographical map. The initial starting territory of different empires is defined by red and white borders. The concept of irrigation and farmland is replaced by villages and towns.

Instead of having grassland and plains, in TRON there is European Land (blue stripes) and Virgin Land (green stripes). The two are similar but European Land is superior to Virgin Land as many European tiles have a mineral bonus and building villages (irrigation) yields not one but two extra food. Settler units may change Virgin land into European land by mining it.

Keep in mind that it is possible to build mines in forests and villages in jungle.

@@Slave Revolts
The concept of pollution is replaced by slave uprisings. As you build production improvements which require slaves, like plantations, icons of slave will appear in the city screen. The more slave icons a city generates, the higher the city's chance of slave revolts taking place within the city radius each turn. When slave uprisings reach sufficiently critical levels, there is a chance that widespread damage can be inflicted on the land.

You can quell uprisings the same way pollution is cleaned up - moving Peasants or Pilgrims into the affected square to "do some of the slaves' work" by pressing the "P" key, or choosing the "Clean Up Pollution" command from the Orders menu. The probability of slave revolts can be reduced through the construction of certain City Improvements, or by reducing the city's Shield production.

@@Combat Damage
Units typically have a high firepower - low hitpoint scheme, increasing the uncertainty when conducting combat.

@@Mortar Unit
The Mortar unit is huge and can only be fielded in cities and purpose made ships called bomb ketches. You can use Mortar units to attack units in adjoining squares but if there is no enemy unit in the adjoining square, the Mortar will have to be abandoned. Bomb Ketches are also able to carry merchants. Remember to cancel any move orders automatically generated after a successful attack or your mortar will be lost the next turn.

@@Land Units
For easy recognition, attacking units are formed into regiments while defending units are called garrisons. As emphasis is given to the naval aspect, the land units of the game are slow except for explorers and are more useful for attacking nearby cities. The idea is for you to transport your land units via the sea and you will find marching an army from say Europe to the Fareast to be most excruciating.

@@Sea Units
Ship units take preference over land units in terms of diversity as this is an Age of Sail scenario. Generally the first (or first few) generation of each type of ship starts off with the coastal flag on. Large Warships have the largest number of generations and new models can be built throughout the scenario. Note that the 1st, 2nd and 3rd rated ships of the line look similar but can you can tell them apart form the colour of their flags (rem traffic light, red is the most powerful, green is the least powerful). A second type of smaller cheaper warship can be used for patrol and against pirates. Other categorise of ships are:

Merchant ships - ships specifically meant for the transport of merchants. 
Transport ships - ships specifically meant for the transport of land units. 
Misc Designs -  these include the bomb ketch and the fireship.

At the onset you have one elite caravel which doesn't sink in deep waters. Everything else has a 1 in 4 chance of sinking away from shore. This is reduced to 1 in 8 with the discovery of Gregorian Calendar and eliminated if you set one of your cities as the PRIME MERIDIAN.

@@Defense Minister
Codes used under the Defense Minister (F2) are

Carry x     = x number of holds for ground units
Immobile    = Units which cannot be moved
Kill Goods  = Can Collect goods
C2          = Can See 2 Spaces
iZOC        = Ignores Zone of Control
IFort       = Ignores City Fortifications
Amphibious  = Can attack from ship
M-Ship      = Can carry Merchants
Carry Motar = Can carry Mortars
Fast        = Can para drop 6
All Road    = All Squares are Roads
x2 vs Mot   = 1.5x Defence vs Mortar
Raider      = Can detect Merchantmen
Coastal     = Might sink away from shore

@@x(Credits)
The European city graphics were originally made by Arne Schmied although several modifications had to be made to generate the English and French city styles. Many of the ship units were obtained from Civ Universum's naval collection, I believe by Arne Schmied and Bernd Browsing. Other sources of graphics were Morten Blajerg's Africa Modpack and Harlan Thompson's Ancient and Medieval units collection. Thanks to Willemvanoranje for finding the appropriate base map, early playtesting and sourcing some of the public domain graphics. The concept of using slave revolts to represent pollution was pioneered by Mr Temba.

References used were

1. The Histroy of Ships - Peter Kemp
2. The Times History of War - no author
3. The Cassell Atlas of World History - John Haywood
4. The Penguin History of the World - J.M. Roberts

Many entries for Describe files were adapted from

1. Microsoft Encarta Encylopedia 99
2. Encyclopedia.com

@@x(Authors Notes)
How can tribes in TRON be suitable for both single and multi-player? Besides the usual AI advantages like chieftan-level happiness and reduced building costs, 2 other reasons. Firstly, the AI coastal ships don't sink and this gives the AI players a head start. Secondly, since the AI is not poor as it does not need to pay maintainence for improvements, the AI colonial powers don't have to bother with merchants and goods. 

Many sacrifices had to be made in order to accommodate 5 human players. The events file is filled with much duplicate code just to bypass the bug where 'anybody' becomes just the first tribe to activate a trigger. Also a lot of event space was used up because seperate tribes could not be used to control the Heathen continents - to ensure the Africans only appear in Africa, an African is generated each time an Asian is killed. Likewise an Asian is produced when an American is killed and an American is generated when an African is killed.  So most superflous messages common in single-player only scenarios (like marking the fall of cities and the rise of dynasties) had to be deleted as the scenario was written. 

@@x(Historical Inaccuracies)
TRON is generally true to the spirit of History but may not be accurate in every detail. The fact that the independent Netherlands did not exist before the late 1500s posed a serious problem. If the starting time was pushed forward, many important discoveries of the Age of Sail would be bypassed (and besides, by then Portugal would soon be part of Spain under Philip II). The alternative was to start with only four playable powers. In the end the practical thing to do was to invoke creative license and adjust history a bit by assuming the Netherlands revolt took place earlier with the Southern Netherlands (Belgium and Luxembourg etc.) never recaptured by the Duke of Parma. This gives the Netherlands an even playing field. Similarly, Southern Italy is not under Spanish influence or the Spanish race would be way too powerful. 

In history, the Church of England did not seperate from the Vatican till a few decades after 1500 but going by the same arguement, England is made Protestant from the beginning of the scenario. The Marmalukes of Egypt were not conquered by the Turks until a decade or two after the start but are part of the Ottoman Empire in TRON. 

One more thing - the flags are contemporary and not those of the period. No point using antiquated flags which nobody will recognize.

@@x(Star Trek Angle)
You didn't think I would actually make a scenario without any Trek content?

1. The merchant is actually a Klingon ambassador (ST IV) wearing a hat.

2. The sound track is from Star Trek II - the Wrath of Khan.

3. Every voice is from Star Trek

'A world to win....' - Khan (TOS)
'There is to be a brave new world.' - Gorkon (ST VI)
'You heard me, abandon ship.' - Sisko (DS9)
'Let us sit upon the ground....' - Chang (ST VI)
'We don't embrace other cultures....' - Martok (DS9)
'A deal is a deal....' - Quark (DS9)
'I have been touched...' - Dukat (DS9)
'Look upon your executioner....' - Kang (DS9)
'You want me to give you money?...' - Quark (DS9)
'Do we have a deal....' - Quark (DS9)
'Can anyone remember....' - Picard (TNG)
'All hands make sail....' - Riker (Generations)

@This must be here to terminate search!!!

